Torana architrave with elephant makara

The discovery in 2002–3 of these crossbars, from a monumental gateway at the Buddhist monastery of Phanigiri, transforms our understanding of monastic architecture in the early Andhra territories. Gateway architecture was previously known only from the makara, lion, and rider terminal shown nearby, and from depictions in stupa sculptural reliefs. The three largest architrave sections found at Phanigiri to date, along with several smaller fragments, are decorated with episodes from the life of the Buddha. The lower architrave features the birth of Buddha in the sala tree grove at Lumbini; the narrative culminates above with the depiction of the Buddha’s first sermon in the deer forest at Sarnath. Other scenes include Prince Siddhartha first witnessing sickness, old age, and death outside the palace, and the youth resolving to abandon his princely life. Scenes of monks venerating relics and the Dharma-wheel reflect the realities of everyday monastic life.